Each knee has two menisci, which act as cushions between the thigh bone (femur) and the shin bone (tibia). Meniscal tears are common injuries, especially in athletes.

Types of Meniscal Tears Tears are categorized by their location and extent, and include:

• Frayed edge: The inner rim of the meniscus has a ragged appearance.
• Radial tear: A sharp split starting at the inner edge and extending toward the outer rim.
• Parrot beak tear: An oblique tear of the inner rim that is curved.
• Circumferential or Longitudinal tear: A tear that runs along the length of the meniscus.
• Bucket handle tear: A tear that goes through the full depth of the meniscus.
• Horizontal cleavage tear: A horizontal split deep in the meniscus that eventually divides it into top and bottom sections.
• Flap tear: A tear on the surface of the meniscus that creates a movable flap.

Causes and Symptoms

Meniscal tears can be caused by twisting injuries during sports, or from everyday actions like getting up from a chair. Symptoms include pain on the inner or outer side of the knee, a popping or clicking sound, catching or locking of the joint, stiffness, swelling, and a feeling of the knee giving way.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis involves a physical exam, including the McMurray test, and imaging such as X-rays or MRI scans. Initial treatment is the RICE protocol (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation). Small tears may be treated conservatively with anti-inflammatory medication and physical therapy.