Transplanting cartilage tissue to repair joint damage.
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Cartilage Grafting
Articular cartilage is a smooth tissue that covers the surfaces of the bones in a joint. When this tissue is damaged, it can cause pain and limit movement. Cartilage grafting involves transplanting healthy cartilage tissue to repair the damaged area.
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Disease Overview & Symptoms:
Cartilage, or hyaline cartilage, is the tissue that lines the surface of the bones in a joint. It helps bones move smoothly against each other. Since cartilage doesn't have a direct blood supply, it has a limited ability to repair itself. A torn cartilage will not heal easily and can lead to osteoarthritis. Cartilage damage can be caused by trauma, mechanical injury, or degenerative joint disease. Symptoms include joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and a decreased range of motion.
Grafting Methods:
- Periosteal grafting: Used for large areas of cartilage damage. Grafts are taken from the outer surface of bones in a non-weight-bearing area. Damaged cartilage is removed, holes are created in the bone to stimulate bleeding, and the new grafts are attached.
- Perichondral grafting: Similar to periosteal grafting, but the graft is harvested from the lower part of the rib.
- Osteochondral autografting (Mosaicplasty): Used for cartilage damage less than 2 centimeters in diameter. Healthy cartilage is harvested from a non-weight-bearing joint of the same person and transplanted to the damaged area in a mosaic pattern.
- Osteochondral allografting:Similar to autografting, but the graft is harvested from a donor. A disadvantage is the limited availability of donor grafts.
- Articular cartilage paste grafting: In this technique, holes are created in the bone to induce bleeding, and an articular cartilage graft is harvested from the patient's intercondylar notch.